Equipment Appraisal Blog | Understanding Machinery Appraisals

In a recent blog post in early May, we talked about the many reasons a company will need to obtain an updated equipment appraisal to get the most out of a business goal or requirement. One of the primary issues we discussed pertained to traditional bank financing and equipment leasing.

The next step in understanding how these appraisals can work best for your business, we will need to see through the eyes of your bank and leasing company as they determine the right level of value to consider when making investment decisions.

Here are the most commonly utilized values and their American Society of Appraisers (ASA) definitions.

Fair Market Value (FMV)

Fair Market Value is an opinion expressed in terms of money, at which the property would change hands between a willing buyer and a willing seller, neither being under any compulsion to buy or to sell and both having reasonable knowledge of relevant facts, as of a specific date.

Orderly Liquidation Value (OLV)

Orderly Liquidation Value is an opinion of the gross amount, expressed in terms of money, that typically could be realized from a liquidation sale, given a reasonable period of time to find a purchaser (or purchasers), with the seller being compelled to sell on an as-is, where-is basis, as of a specific date.

Forced Liquidation Value (FLV)

Forced Liquidation Value is an opinion of the gross amount, expressed in terms of money, that typically could be realized from a properly advertised and conducted public auction, with the seller being compelled to sell with a sense of immediacy on an as-is, where-is basis, as of a specific date.

When any type of financing or leasing is involved, these parties may independently determine which value they would prefer to weigh, and in many cases, they look at all three. Every private and government-owned (ex.: SBA) financial institution has its own internal policies to abide by. What we most commonly see when appraisals pertain to bank financing is that Orderly Liquidation Value tends to be the primary focus. A lot of banks also have percentage tables they are willing to lend from, such as 70% of Fair Market Value or 80% of Orderly Liquidation, for example.

Equipment leasing companies may take a slightly more aggressive stance on valuing machinery & equipment as they are technically the owners of the assets and may have more extensive experience and knowledge in certain industries. A “sale-leaseback” is a common term where the business purchases your assets and leases them back to you under a monthly rental payment plan. This sale may be completed at Fair Market Value and, to offset their potential investment risk, they might collect a security deposit or similar resource as “additional collateral” in the transaction. Any sale back to the business at the end of the lease term is almost always at Fair Market Value.

In any of these cases, I would suggest having the appraiser estimate both FMV & OLV and try to avoid FLV, as this value is akin to an auction, which is at a lower value level, and doesn’t pertain to an ongoing business where your machinery & equipment is hard at work. And as always, ensure the appraiser you hire is accredited by the ASA.

Image source: FNQ at en.wikipedia license

When you are considering buying, selling, investing in, or financing machinery & equipment, the age of the assets will play an important role in determining the fair market value and ultimately, the price you are willing to pay or accept for it.

Useful Life

The useful life of equipment is generally considered just a guideline that estimates when the asset would need to either retire from service or need refurbishing and reinvestment to prolong its life. Many factors can affect this estimate such as usage, maintenance, technology, and overall manufacturing quality.

Chronological Age

The chronological age of machinery & equipment is simply calculated from the date of its original manufacturing to the effective date you are considering, usually a current date. So, as an example, if a used Caterpillar excavator was originally built in 2011 and you want to purchase it today, the chronological age of that asset would be 10 years.

Effective Age

Using that same example, over the 10 year period from 2011-2021, the specific Caterpillar excavator you’re looking to purchase, sell or finance, will have a certain number of hours logged, will have a specific prior sales history (1 owner or multiple), been under a good or not so good maintenance program each year and possibly had certain major components replaced over that time.

All of these factors will play a part in considering an adjustment to the chronological age which would create a more realistic effective age.

If the excavator was only used 1,000 hours per year, that might be construed as half or even less than normal usage, while being maintained on a daily basis. On the flip side, if the machine had over 20,000 hours on it with no component replacements over the 10 year period, you would take a hard look at what would need to be invested into it to bring the machine into good operating condition and extend its life.

In many industries, you will see certain types of equipment originally manufactured decades ago while still in good operating condition. These machines have likely not been affected by changes in technology and have been well maintained with component parts replaced as needed over their lifetime.

There are also plenty of examples of machinery in heavy usage environments such as mining and aggregate, that well exceed normal operating hours which could have an adverse effect on value. However, as long as these machines are well maintained with components replaced as needed, these assets are durably built and designed to last a long time.

In summary, effective age is an important component to understanding machinery & equipment value. While it is a subjective estimate based on a number of variables, it provides a working guideline to appraising and ultimately understanding what you should be buying and selling these assets for at any given time.

Regardless of the industry you work in or the business you own, there will likely come a time when you need to obtain an updated equipment appraisal as you continue to transact in the marketplace. Whatever future plans you have for your business, it is very likely that an appraisal of your capital assets will be beneficial to the process, and possibly even a requirement.

Here a few of the most common reasons why an updated equipment appraisal will be a valuable resource for you:

Bank Financing & Leasing

The most common instance where an appraisal is beneficial and required by all the parties involved occurs when you look to raise capital to maintain and grow your business. The traditional process is working with banks, leasing companies, and similar financial institutions who will require a review of the company’s assets.

If your business requires machinery & equipment to effectively operate, as most manufacturers and service providers do, an updated appraisal will support the current value of your machinery as part of the loan approval process. These assets may end up being the primary collateral the finance company needs for you to successfully secure the loan you need.

Private Equity Investment

A secondary source your business may need to secure capital is in the form of private investment, in the form of equity, which will allow your business to expand its resources and promote growth.

These investors may want to acquire a stake in your business before laying out cash, which will need to be supported by a valuation of your company and the underlying capital assets. Machinery & equipment items generally support a long useful life which will translate to value retention over time and therefore, these assets will comprise a significant component to the overall business value.

Buying & Selling

If you’re considering buying or selling a business, or distinct machinery & equipment as part of a larger transaction, you will want to consider an appraisal to confirm your assumptions about the value of these assets. The time and tension involved in successfully negotiating a sale is significant enough to have a third-party experienced appraiser provide you with the assurance that your pricing strategies are supported and credible.

Tax, Accounting & Insurance Compliance

Tax, accounting and insurance requirements are numerous when it comes to maintaining compliance with all of these facets of your operation.

Tax assessments and regulations, accounting standards guidelines for capitalizing and depreciating your equipment, and adequate insurance coverage are just some of the boxes you need to check in these important areas. Routinely communicate with your accountants and agents to ensure you are up to date on these requirements and see if an equipment valuation might benefit the process, both long and short term.

In summary, your company’s revenue and income typically fluctuate over time depending on the markets and industries you operate in however, the value of your machinery & equipment will likely remain steady through these periods. Understanding the current value of your machinery & equipment by hiring an accredited, experienced appraiser will benefit your business across multiple fronts and provide you with peace of mind as you go forward into the future.

Whether your business is expanding or going through a downturn, being purchased or sold, audited or invested in, refinanced or liquidated, it is important to understand the real market value of your tangible assets, specifically the machinery & equipment that work every day behind the scenes.

Obtaining an equipment appraisal from a qualified valuation firm such as Equipment Appraisal Services can provide you with firsthand knowledge of the value of your machinery and what to expect should you wish to buy, sell, refinance or upgrade these types of assets in the resale marketplace. A formal appraisal analysis and report can assist you in any number of ways as you move through the next phases of your company’s development and can be shared with third parties who may be assisting you with these project plans.

Our appraisers can visit your operations facility and perform an on-site personal inspection and discuss your business directly or complete a “desktop” appraisal based on the information you provide to us, including detailed asset listings and photographs.

The experienced appraisers at Equipment Appraisal Services have been completing these types of fully researched valuations for decades and can meet the demands of any machinery & equipment appraisal assignment across all markets & industries. We look forward to the opportunity to work with you as a key component to your ongoing business projects.

Machinery & Equipment appraisers know from experience that the overwhelming majority of their valuations involves the Sales Comparison (Market) and/or Cost Approaches to value. The income approach is primarily utilized for business appraisals with a few exceptions which allow the tangible equipment to be valued as independently income driven assets.

The challenge becomes which of the two approaches makes the most sense given the scope of work, premise of value and overall perspective of the project involved. Based on our experience at Equipment Appraisal Services, we have found that regardless of the above variables, relying on components of both the Sales Comparison Approach (commonly referred to as the “Market Approach”) and the Cost Approach for each valuation project produce the most credible, realistic and supportable results.

Under the Sales Comparison Approach, researching and properly interpreting the available data in the marketplace for assets very similar to those being appraised is critical to the analysis. Understanding the nuances between asking prices, recent listings, opinions of resale value and the market level at which the machines are traded are all important to the appraisal process.

With the Cost Approach, deriving the data pertaining to replacement cost new, useful life and depreciation should come directly from the specific markets and industries in which the assets are working in. Gathering new pricing information for the make and model of the machinery, along with opinions from third parties who buy and sell these assets is far more reliable than broad multi-industry trends and straight line depreciation.

The experienced appraisers at Equipment Appraisal Services have been completing these types of fully researched valuations for decades and can meet the demands of any machinery & equipment appraisal assignment across all markets & industries. We look forward to the opportunity to work with you as a key component to your ongoing business projects.