Equipment Appraisal Blog | Understanding Machinery Appraisals

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When you are considering buying, selling, investing in, or financing machinery & equipment, the age of the assets will play an important role in determining the fair market value and ultimately, the price you are willing to pay or accept for it.

Useful Life

The useful life of equipment is generally considered just a guideline that estimates when the asset would need to either retire from service or need refurbishing and reinvestment to prolong its life. Many factors can affect this estimate such as usage, maintenance, technology, and overall manufacturing quality.

Chronological Age

The chronological age of machinery & equipment is simply calculated from the date of its original manufacturing to the effective date you are considering, usually a current date. So, as an example, if a used Caterpillar excavator was originally built in 2011 and you want to purchase it today, the chronological age of that asset would be 10 years.

Effective Age

Using that same example, over the 10 year period from 2011-2021, the specific Caterpillar excavator you’re looking to purchase, sell or finance, will have a certain number of hours logged, will have a specific prior sales history (1 owner or multiple), been under a good or not so good maintenance program each year and possibly had certain major components replaced over that time.

All of these factors will play a part in considering an adjustment to the chronological age which would create a more realistic effective age.

If the excavator was only used 1,000 hours per year, that might be construed as half or even less than normal usage, while being maintained on a daily basis. On the flip side, if the machine had over 20,000 hours on it with no component replacements over the 10 year period, you would take a hard look at what would need to be invested into it to bring the machine into good operating condition and extend its life.

In many industries, you will see certain types of equipment originally manufactured decades ago while still in good operating condition. These machines have likely not been affected by changes in technology and have been well maintained with component parts replaced as needed over their lifetime.

There are also plenty of examples of machinery in heavy usage environments such as mining and aggregate, that well exceed normal operating hours which could have an adverse effect on value. However, as long as these machines are well maintained with components replaced as needed, these assets are durably built and designed to last a long time.

In summary, effective age is an important component to understanding machinery & equipment value. While it is a subjective estimate based on a number of variables, it provides a working guideline to appraising and ultimately understanding what you should be buying and selling these assets for at any given time.

Effective age is defined as the difference between the overall economic life and the remaining economic life of a piece of equipment, a structure or similar asset. Though that provides you with a basic overview of the concept, it can often seem much more complicated than that. How is it determined? How will it impact your company's bottom line? Do you really need to know this detail for your machinery? Here's a quick look at those questions and more.

What is effective age and why does it matter for your business?

Though the above definition of effective age seems rather dry, it does cover the basics. Imagine that you've purchased a cargo van for your company. Purchased new, the expected lifespan is about five years with your expected annual mileage. But what if you found a great deal on another vehicle after a couple years of ownership? By spreading the work between the two vehicles, you may then expect the cargo van to last longer, but exactly how long? That's where effective age comes into play.

If machinery is abused or used in a harsh environment, it may age at a rate faster than would otherwise be considered normal. Salt water, moisture, humidity, sand, grit, dirt, acids: all of these factors can make a piece of machinery age at a much faster rate than would normally be expected, often because they cause excessive wear and tear on the machine's components. If you were considering using machinery like this as collateral in a bank loan, you may find it isn't considered to be worth as much as you might expect.

In both of these cases, the machine itself can be expected to last a longer or shorter time period than may have been originally expected based on the appraiser's prior knowledge of the equipment. Because a machine appraiser spends all day looking at equipment, they have a good eye for when a machine is in exceptional condition and will last significantly longer than expected. For example, a well-maintained piece of equipment that is kept in an ideal environment and worked well below its top specifications can be expected to last much longer than a piece of machinery that is poorly maintained in a bad environment and regularly worked at the very top of its expected performance will. 

When you have a machinery appraisal performed on your equipment, you're able to discover about how much longer it can be expected to perform economically for your company. Having this information available makes it much easier to determine when you'll need to purchase replacement equipment. You'll have more time to shop around, learn about the best new features and decide exactly what type of machinery you need and what budget you can afford to spend on the right equipment. That's always a much better option than being forced to quickly replace failing equipment with machinery that won't meet your needs.

By knowing your machinery's effective age, you can better plan for your company's financial needs in the future. This allows you to spread any equipment purchases out over time without having to worry about your equipment failing before it's paid off. By knowing this figure, you can ensure that your company has the means in line to replace the equipment when the time comes without exposing the business to excessive risk.

There are so many terms in the equipment appraisals process that you would need a dictionary to understand them all. As long as you know the key terms that could affect your machinery valuation, you can interpret the results of an equipment appraisal and buy or sell used equipment for a fair price. When it comes to buying and selling used equipment, one key term to understand is effective age. 

Understanding Effective Age 

Appearances can be deceiving. If you were buying a die-cut machine at auction, for example, you would want to know whether the machine was 2 years old or 20 years old. The age would affect the price you were willing to pay for the machinery. You might be prepared to purchase a die-cut sealer that was either 2 or 20 years old, but for a very different price tag. Likewise, if you were selling the machine you would have a different expectation of acceptable prices based on age. 

What if the die-cut sealer was actually 20 years old, but looked so good you would have sworn it was last year's model? This is where understanding effective age in the appraisal process comes into play. 

Every piece of equipment has a real age representing the time from the date of manufacture to the present. Effective age denotes the look and feel of the machine... in other words, how old it appears to be to observers. 

Whether you are buying or selling, effective age is important to know. It tells you something about the equipment values set at auction.

Effective age is subjective. Depending on how the machinery was cared for, the effective age can be less than or greater than the actual age. 

A machine that looks new but is years old could have been recently repaired and painted to appear close-to-new. When examining old equipment, consider whether the piece was cosmetically enhanced to look good or truly rehabilitated to be competitive with current models. 

Consider the example of a home for sale in your neighborhood that's 30 years old. Let's say the current owner remodeled the bathrooms with low-flow toilets and an energy-efficient shower, put in a new tile floor, and refreshed the paint. The updated bathroom looks brand new even though the home is 30 years old. Now, imagine the same home is on the market, but the bathroom has only been repainted and the sink faucet was replaced. The bathroom looks somewhat newer than the rest of the house, but isn't actually more efficient. The work was simply window dressing to trick the buyer into paying a good price. 

The same holds true for machinery valuation of used equipment. Rather than trust what you see, it's important to dig deeper and ask questions to find out if the equipment meets your needs and if the price is fair. 

An equipment appraiser can help you evaluate equipment you are considering buying from a third party or walk you through the equipment values and effective age of an item before you take it to auction. This can save you time and money if you're selling equipment. Why spend money to fix an item if its effective age will still look poor compared with similar pieces of equipment? 

 Whether you seek equipment appraisals before buying or selling, it's key to find an appraiser who understands the industry, equipment, and core considerations.

What are your company's equipment values? Though you could guess, a machinery and equipment appraisal can give you a better idea of the value of your company's machinery. But beyond making a quick guess based on what you've seen sell lately or where it is compared to new models of older machinery, the only way to make sure by having a quality machine appraisal performed, during which time the effective age of the machinery will come strongly into play. Let's take a look at what equipment appraisers concentrate on when determining equipment value.

Effective Age of an Asset in Machinery Valuation

Though you can try to determine the value of a piece of machinery, there are a few techniques that don't really work well. Using standardized depreciation formats instead of considering the long-term viability of the equipment means you may have completely depreciated the assets you are still using on a regular basis, which provides an inaccurate view of your business' financial outlook. At the same time, basing the value on local sale prices or dealership offerings may also wreak havoc on your financial outlook, as other machines being offered for sale may be of higher or lower quality and maintenance than the machinery you own and need to appraise.

When an equipment appraiser looks at your business' equipment, he or she is not just looking at the age, manufacturer and model. Because machinery can be kept in a wide range of conditions and levels of maintenance and repair, a much closer approach must be undertaken to determine what the effective age of a machine is as well as the expected remaining useful life from that machinery. But what kind of details are considered during equipment appraisals? Let's continue on for a look.

How Machinery Valuation Specialists Determine Effective Life

So how do machinery appraisers determine the effective useful life of your equipment? They take a good look at the machinery, to see whether it has had excessive wear and tear or other signs of abuse, such as dents, welded repairs or similar concerns. Other areas they'll consider is the working environment and how well the machine has been protected from the elements. They'll take a look at your maintenance and repair logs to ensure that the equipment has received proper care or whether there are outstanding issues that could lead to further problems down the road. They'll consider the hours meter and whether the degree of wear matches up to what they'd expect from machinery with that amount of use. Beyond the machines you own and hare having appraised, they'll also take into consideration similar machines they've appraised in the area and how long they tend to last, basing your machine's potential effective life on all these factors.

By knowing your company's equipment appraisals are accurate and based on solid methodology, you're able to make better decisions in the future that will benefit your company, such as determining when to plan for expected machinery changes as older assets reach end of life. By having a quality, certified machine appraiser take a good look at your machinery and determining its effective age and potential future lifespan, you have legal documentation of the condition of your machinery for financial or insurance purposes if needed. If you have any further questions on how effective life is determined or want to schedule an equipment appraisal, please contact us today. Our highly-trained, certified staff are always happy to help with your equipment appraisal needs.