Equipment Appraisal Blog | Understanding Machinery Appraisals

Depending on the industry, the equipment that works within it can be relatively mobile or stationary. The more immobile assets may involve significant costs in addition to the actual purchase price of the machinery itself. These expenses include shipping, installation, project management, engineering, electrical, plumbing, and operator training. These extra investments are necessary to get the equipment up and running. For mobile assets, these variables will be much less of a factor in a potential transaction.

From an appraisal perspective, this creates the need to further define Fair Market Value beyond just the “hard” costs. Fortunately, the American Society of Appraisers (ASA) has developed definitions to consider these potential scenarios. Two of the most common are Fair Market Value-Installed and Fair Market Value-Removed. With each definition, it takes the initial premise of value and expands upon it to further clarify its parameters.

For comparison, here are the definitions as stated by the ASA:

Fair Market Value

Fair Market Value is an opinion expressed in terms of money, at which the property would change hands between a willing buyer and a willing seller, neither being under any compulsion to buy or to sell, and both having reasonable knowledge of relevant facts, as of a specific date.

Fair Market Value-Removed

Fair Market Value-Removed is an opinion expressed in terms of money, at which the property would change hands between a willing buyer and a willing seller, neither being under any compulsion to buy or to sell, and both having reasonable knowledge of relevant facts, considering removal of the property to another location, as of a specific date.

Fair Market Value-Installed

Fair Market Value-Installed is an opinion expressed in terms of money, at which the property would change hands between a willing buyer and a willing seller, neither being under any compulsion to buy or to sell, and both having reasonable knowledge of relevant facts, independent of earnings generated by the business in which the property is or will be installed, of a specific date.

The bolded words within the refined definitions provide additional perspective based on two different scenarios. For mobile assets, these values will not be much different, if at all; however, for certain types of manufacturing and processing equipment, for example, it may be significant.

If the appraiser is valuing an over-the-road truck or trailer, they would just use the premise of Fair Market Value, as installation and removal costs would not be material.

However, for a large multi-component material handling line in a processing facility, the value on an installed basis will likely be significantly higher than the removal cost. The requirements necessary to ship these types of assets, add extra foundations to install them safely, all utility line hookups needed, and potentially paying the manufacturer reps for weeks of on-site training, are some of these costs that would have value on an installed basis but not in a removed situation.

In summary, it is important for both the appraiser and the client to determine the most appropriate definition of value to use in any given situation. Communicating the purpose of the appraisal and discussing the big-picture perspective, along with the owner/buyer/lender/investor’s goals, will help determine which approach makes sense.

When equipment appraisers rely on the Cost Approach, two of the key factors considered are useful life and depreciation. Though the process may seem straightforward, you would be surprised at how many differing opinions professionals have in these areas.

Independent Valuation is Not the Same as Accounting Methodology

When it comes to capitalized machinery and equipment on a company's books, accountants treat depreciation and useful life according to accepted principles. One such principle is the Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System (MACRS). This method is based on a straight-line reduction in value, starting with the equipment's acquisition price and amortizing it equally over a standardized term, usually 5 to 7 years. The depreciation endpoint is typically zero. The goal of many businesses is to expense as much as possible in the early years of an asset's life through annual depreciation for tax-deductible purposes, while improving cash flow and liquidity.

When appraisers value machinery and equipment, they research market and industry data to identify a reasonable number of sources to assist in estimating value. They also fall back on their experience appraising similar assets in the past. Depreciation and useful life are two components of the analysis under the Cost Approach. The goal of the overall process is to understand best how equipment is valued over time and how long it can reasonably be expected to operate effectively before needing major rebuilds/overhauls or retiring from service entirely.

It is important to understand these factors and take them into account as part of a complete appraisal analysis, which will also include reviewing comparable sales of the equipment being appraised. Market-comparable data can often be limited or inconsistent across sources; therefore, a balanced understanding of depreciation and useful life will further support the analysis and provide reasonableness checks for any comparable sales or resale opinions they may gather or have experience with.

Developing Market Depreciation Curves for Asset Classes of Machinery and Equipment

Once an appraiser has completed several valuations in similar markets and industries, they might consider creating a database of values, which results in the development of market-driven depreciation curves that will further serve as a reasonable source of historical data for future valuations. This would be similar to the concept of subscription databases that are publicly available in certain markets, such as construction, automotive, and over-the-road transportation, in today's resource networks.

In summary, when an accredited, experienced valuation professional works on an appraisal assignment, it is important to understand and develop opinions regarding the useful life and levels of annual depreciation of machinery and equipment.

Every business owner will eventually reach a point where they begin planning their exit strategy because they are nearing retirement or want to move on to something new. Equipment appraisers in this position are no different and should think about the best way to maximize return while determining the most appropriate course of action.

Transitioning ownership and leadership can be an intimidating process. Current owners want to preserve the company’s reputation, relationships, and systems that make it valuable. In the equipment appraisal industry, credibility, experience, accreditations, and client trust must be maintained. An unplanned exit can create uncertainty that could potentially erode all the goodwill you’ve spent years creating.

To begin planning, define what “success” looks like for you. Do you want to sell the business to another appraiser or transition ownership to a partner or key employee? You may want to gradually wind down operations while maintaining a client base part-time or merge with another practice to scale up before exiting.

The clearer your objectives, the easier it will be to structure a plan that meets both financial and personal needs.

Potential buyers will look at historic revenue and profitability. They will also consider the level of recurring clients, referral relationships, accredited appraisers on staff, established procedures, report templates, professional reputation, online presence, and marketing, billing, and compliance practices.

A formal valuation of the business may also take place.

If you’re grooming an internal successor, such as a partner, family member, or senior appraiser, start early. Knowledge transfer in appraisal work takes time, and professional credentials often require years of experience and coursework. Mentoring your successor in client management while gradually shifting responsibilities can create a seamless transition that reassures clients and maintains business continuity.

Most successful exits are planned three to five years in advance. This allows time to improve financials, strengthen client relationships, and prepare the successor. When the time comes, communicate your plan to employees and major clients with clarity and confidence.

Work with your accountant, financial, and legal advisors, who will help structure the transition, minimize taxes, and ensure the deal terms align with your long-term goals.

In summary, a well-designed exit strategy gives you control, peace of mind, and a lasting legacy. Whether your goal is a sale, succession, or gradual retirement, thoughtful planning ensures your equipment appraisal firm continues to deliver trusted value long after you’ve stepped away.

When appraising machinery and equipment, an important but often misunderstood component is obsolescence. Beyond normal physical wear and tear, obsolescence reflects the loss in value from economic or functional factors that affect an asset’s ability to perform its intended purpose efficiently and effectively. Here are some thoughts to consider when factoring obsolescence into your valuation.

Physical depreciation or deterioration is considered the most straightforward type of loss in value due to age, usage, and maintenance practices. While not technically “obsolescence”, it is considered one of the forms; however, the focus here is on the more abstract types, which are more difficult to measure.

Functional Obsolescence (Internal)

Functional obsolescence occurs when equipment is less efficient or less capable compared to newer alternatives, even if it’s still operational. Technological advancements are common with machinery that is reliant on high production capacity or lower energy consumption, such as computer equipment and CNC machine tools. Appraisers can try to estimate functional obsolescence by comparing operating costs or production capacity to new makes and models of similar specifications.

Economic Obsolescence (External)

Loss in value may also arise from factors outside the equipment itself, such as changes in market conditions, regulatory shifts, or industry demand declines. The oil and gas industry, for example, undergoes significant economic cycles, during which reduced output and changing environmental regulations affect value. These issues reflect current supply and demand. Measuring this may involve analyzing broad market data, profitability trends, or industry utilization rates.

It can be challenging to estimate obsolescence in these forms, given that appraisers may lack access to pertinent data and have difficulty determining how to calculate these percentages from information that is available. One efficient way to measure this is to work through market comparables and develop a trend or depreciation table by asset type that reflects the average annual loss in value over its useful life, while tracking new equipment pricing.

Used equipment market levels reflect all forms of depreciation and will allow you to recognize how obsolescence is factored into resale value from a buyer and seller’s perspective. If sufficient comparable sales data is unavailable, you should consider conducting interviews with business owners, maintenance managers, and equipment resellers and gathering opinions based on their hands-on experience.

In summary, estimating obsolescence requires both analytical discipline and industry insight. Combining quantitative analysis with practical experience is a balanced way to account for loss in value over time. A commonsense approach to measuring this comes with experience, as you track and develop a useful database that you can continue to update as new appraisal engagements take place.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly influencing business practices. Equipment appraisers are beginning to explore AI-based tools for data analysis, market research, and report development. While AI offers several exciting advantages, it also raises valid concerns about accuracy, ethics, and professional judgment.

On the positive side of the discussion, if you have a database with access to AI data analysis tools, large volumes of market information can be processed in seconds, vs. hours or days. This can significantly improve efficiency when researching comparable sales or analyzing equipment trends across industries.

AI tools can help reduce human error and improve consistency in report formatting and calculations. Automated valuation models can provide checks against an appraiser’s conclusions, offering a useful validation tool.

AI can also aggregate market data from multiple online sources, including resale listings, auction platforms, and manufacturer databases. This provides a broader and more current view of market conditions than most appraisers could access manually.

These efficiencies can allow appraisers to reduce deliverable timelines for their clients without sacrificing report quality, as long as professional oversight remains in place.

On the flip side of the argument, there are several reasons to be cautious and even pessimistic about relying on AI tools. They can’t replace the experience and critical thinking of an educated, experienced equipment appraiser. Ultimately, value conclusions require human interpretation and professional reasoning.

AI tools are only as good as the data they rely on. Many online listings or resale sources contain inconsistent, incomplete, or misleading information. Without careful vetting, automated systems can base valuations on flawed or outdated material.

If appraisers lean too heavily on AI, they risk losing hands-on expertise with their analysis and report writing. The best appraisal work still depends on experience, training, and professional judgment. AI-generated analysis may not comply with USPAP or other professional standards, which require an appraiser’s personal work product, independence, and accountability. Using AI without proper oversight could jeopardize report credibility and certification.

In summary, AI should be viewed as a potential tool for qualified appraisers; however, it is important to be cautious with the level of reliance you place on it. When used responsibly, it can enhance research, improve productivity, and support data-driven decision-making. But an appraiser’s ultimate analysis and report deliverable must still rest on their independent judgment, supported by verifiable data with a clear understanding of the overall scope of work.